Classification Of Operating System

Classification Of Operating System An Operating System is the basic software of computers that provides an interface between the computer programs and hardwares. Operating system also provides a software platform on top to other programs, they are called application programs (Application program: is the software that helps the users to make typical functions, like making text, othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Your choice of the operating system, determinates the great extent of the application that you can run. The basic functions of the O.S. are managing machine resources, coordinate the hardware and organize files and directories on storage devices. Classification of Operating Systems Operating systems can be classified as follows: Multi-user: is the one that concede two or more users to use their programs at the same time. Some of O.S permits hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Single-User: just allows one user to use the programs at one time. Multiprocessor: Supports opening the same program more than just in one CPU. Multitasking: Allows multiple programs running at the same time. Single-tasking: Allows different parts of a single program running at any one time. Real time: Responds to input instantly. Operating systems such as DOS and UNIX, do not work in real time. Operating  system functions The operating system serves several functions: Management Processor: Operating System Processor manages the distribution among programs using a programming algorithm. Management Random Access Memory: Operating system manages the memory space allocated for each application and each user, if appropriate. When physical memory is insufficient, the O.S creates an area of memory on the hard drive, called virtual memory. Virtual memory permits you to run applications that require a capacity of memory beyond available RAM in the system. However, this memory is much slower. Management of input / output: Operating system to unify and control access to material resources programs through the drivers (also known as administrators peripheral or input / output). Execution Management applications: Operating system ensures that applications run smoothly by allocating the resources they need to function. This means that if an application does not respond properly may succumb. Managing authorities: Operating system is responsible for security in connection with the execution of programs by guarantee you that resources are used only for programs and users with appropriate authorization. File management: The O.S manages all the writing and reading in the file system and access permissions to files and user applications. File system that permits files to be recorded in a tree structure. Information management: Operating system provides hundreds of indicators that can be used to diagnose the operation of the equipment. Operating System Components The system consists of a set of software that can be used to manage interactions with the hardware. These items are usually included in this set of software: The core: This represents the core operating system functions, such as memory management, processes, files, inputs / main outputs and communication functions. The shell: This enables communication with the operating system through a control language, allowing the user to control the device without knowing the characteristics of hardware, the management of physical addresses, and so on. First operating system was developed by IBM with a young man named Bill Gates, this could run on different computers from different manufacturers, it was called DOS (Disk Operating System), but differences between the parties did not set off a pitch. DOS was just a text screen with a command line that tells us which directory as we were only data for guidance. You had to know that things had to write for the machine to do something. There wasnt a context menu, and graphical displays to guide us. But in the beginning there were these systems presented so elegantly with many colors, there was only the command line interface that to only people who had great computer knowledge could use the computers. OPERATING SYSTEM IN THE 80s At 80s appear Mac OS systems and MS-DOS, Windows. The exponential growth of users, most of them without any knowledge of languages for high or low, made in the 80, the priority of designing an operating system was the ease of use, thus resulting the first user interfaces. Macintosh is the name under which we currently refer to any personal computer designed, developed, built and marketed by Apple Inc. Macintosh 128K was released on July 22, 1984 and was the first personal computer that was successfully marketed, which used a GUI and mouse instead of the standard of that time, the command line interface GUI makes use of a WIMP environment (windows, icons, menus and pointer). The background of the screen is called desktop, which contents an image called icons. Apple in 1984 produced the Macintosh, the first computer with mouse and graphical user interface (GUI). A few years later, Microsoft launched Windows, another operating system based in graphics and intuitive tools List of OS: Windows 7 Windows XP Professional Ubuntu Macintosh OSX Microsoft Vista Fedora Mac OS X Leopard Microsoft Windows 1.0 Xandros Linux Microsoft Windows 3.1 Unix Linux Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating system based in graphical users interfaces produced by Microsoft. The different versions of Windows are: Windows 1.0 Windows 2.0 Windows 3.0 Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Mac OS Mac OS is an operating systems developed by Apple Computer Inc. Macintosh is popular because the graphical user interface, it was the integral and unnamed system software first introduced in 1984 but is usually it referred to simply as the system software. Mac OS can be divided into two families: The Mac OS Classic family. The Mac OS X operating system. UNIX This was developed in 1969 by a group of employees of AT T Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas Mcllroy, and Joe Ossanna. UNIX was developed in assembly language, but 1973 had been almost completely recoded in C, facilitating their development and migration to other hardware. This Operating Systems found on mainframes and workstations in corporate Installations. Linux Linux has its origin in UNIX. He showed in the sixties, developed by researchers Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson of AT T Bell Labs. Andrew Tanenbaum developed a Unix-like operating system called Minix to teach students to design an operating system. Due to the teaching approach of Minix, Tanenbaum never allowed him to be altered, and complications that could be introduced into the system for their students, but Finnish student named Linus Torvalds, verifying that it was not possible to extend Minix, decided to write his own operating system compatible with UNIX. Linux can be installed on all kind of computer no matter the hardware. This O.S is a leading server operative system, and can runs the 10 fastest supercomputers in the entire world, and the best two thing of it is that u don ´t get virus and is free. Mobile Operating System The mobile O.S is the Operating system that controls all mobile devices. The different systems for mobiles are: Windows Mobile Palms OS BlackBerry OS Symbian OS Android

Human resource management activities in healthcare Essay

There are many external and internal factors that might affect the health care organizations; however they are more likely to be affected by external forces that in turn affect their daily operations. Some of the factors that affect the human resource department of a healthcare organization are mentioned below. †¢ Economic factors †¢ Social and cultural changes †¢ Technological changes †¢ Legal changes HR planning and analysis Premeditated planning is a procedure that allows the health care associations to direct their future actions utilizing the resources that are accessible to them while keeping in mind the goals of the organization. There are some internal and external strength that have to be taken care of by the association and then a SWOT Analysis should be carried out. Some of the advantages of Human Resource planning are that it permits effectual use of workers and assists to replace the significant vacancies that have to be filled. Furthermore, planning suggests realistic recruitment projections, facilitates the staffing resources to be utilized more proficiently and efficiently and it also allows a improved focused investment in training and retraining, growth, career counseling and efficiency enrichment and also assists to uphold as well as to get better the level of variety. Human Resource planning is a very fundamental part of premeditated planning in addition to strategic HR planning, it assists to examine and classify the need for and accessibility of HR so that the association can meet its goals. Pynes, 2004). Projections aids in appraising the current condition and to estimate future demand and affairs by looking at the history trends of the association and is significant for the associations in a way that it assists to predict the retirement plans of the staff whereas the demand estimate helps to foresee the labor force that would be required in the future. EEO compliance EEO stands for equal employment opportunity and this expression was shaped by President Lyndon B.  Johnson when he marked Executive Order 11246 on September 24, 1965, formed to forbid federal contractors from discerning against workers on the grounds of race, sex, creed, belief, color, or nationality. Recently most managers have also added sexual compass reading to the directory of non-discrimination. The Executive Order as well required contractors to put into practice affirmative achievement plans to augment the contribution of minorities and females in the place of work. Pursuant to federal policy, affirmative achievement plans must comprise of an equivalent opportunity plan statement, an examination of the existing work force, recognition of problem areas, the establishment of objectives and schedules for mounting employment prospects, definite action-oriented plans to tackle problem areas, support for society action plans and the establishment of an internal audit and reporting structure. (EEOC, n. d. ). The reason why employment opportunity equal is important is because it is morally a right way to conduct oneself in the workplace, moreover it also helps in making the business prosper. The way that I move toward civil rights laws and employment civil rights laws, is I in fact think that they are all connected, they are all civil rights laws, anti-discrimination laws in the place of work, whether anti-discrimination on the grounds of race, sex, disability, age, creed or nationality they are all entrenched in the similar bedrock standard and i. e. , that individuals should be judged in the place of work, based upon their capability to carry out the job and not based upon the threats, myths and typecast that one may have because of their race, or gender, or disability, or age, belief or nationality. That is in fact the unifying feature of all of the regulations in which the EEOC puts into practice and imposes, I think that is really significant that is both rising out of my own personal understanding and what I feel is right; that people should be judged based upon their ability to do the job†¦ and that’s really the very simple core of what we do. And if you sort of take that notion, that principle, one step further, or take it one step, it makes business better. To the extent that you’re making employment decisions in the workplace, whether they be on the basis of hiring somebody for a job or promoting somebody for a job, or treating somebody on the job, you ground those workplace decisions in the ability of that individual to do the job, rather than on a stereotype, or a fear, or a myth, because that person is from a different race than you, or a different religion, or looks different, or is older, or doesn’t walk, or moves around or communicates in a different way from you. If you base those workplace decisions, upon the ability of that individual to do the job, you will get the most qualified person. You won’t let internal biases, or fears, or myths, or stereotypes get in the way of selecting the best qualified person. Therefore I think, it is in best interest of the business to strip away those typecasts, those threats and those myths, in order to obtain the best competent person, because then company will really be improved. The Quotations page, n. d. ). Other considerations Some of the other considerations the human resource management in the health care organizations has to take care of are staffing, development of employees, compensation, health, safety and employee and maintaining labor management relation. Staffing The HR department must ensure that a fair selection policy is being used when hiring a candidate and everyone should be given an equal opportunity. Moreover, the job should be made available for every person who has the potential to do it and for this both internal and external recruitment should be opted for. Other than this, it is also essential to provide clear job criteria for the vacancies that are being announced by the human resource department of a healthcare organization. Full supervision must be done to ensure that the right candidate has been hired after which training should be provided to him. (Shi, 2006). Development of employees Health care organizations should invest in training to augment individual performance and organizational productivity, moreover it should also focus on developing management skills/development and supervisory skills, technical skills and communication skills and provide training to the employees who are new in the organization especially the ones who are working or are hired for lower-level positions in order to augment their performance. Compensation This comprises the wages and bonuses, vacation payment, sick leave payments, recompense of the staff and insurance policies, etc. , it is HR Department that is in command to expand and to direct the benefits compensation structure for the workers that serve as an incentive to promise the staffing. Their objective does not just come to an end after staffing but they also have to work on retaining workers and make them stay on with the organization. Once the employee is hired, it is the duty of the benefits coordinator to explain the benefits and the incentives the employee can expect from the organization so that the employee is aware about it in the beginning and he does not get discouraged later onwards. Health and safety It is essential for the organization to ensure safety of employees at the workplace and the health care organizations must their employees’ health and medical benefits and the employees should be given free medical services. Employee management relation and Labor management relation It is essential for the HRM at the healthcare organization to avoid any kind of discrimination in context with the age, gender, race or religion of an employee and it is basically the duty of the HR department to take care of this so that fair treatment is given to each and every person. Moreover, the HR department must also provide the assistance of negotiation in case any issues arise between the employees working at any level in the organization in order to ensure a healthy work environment. In the same way, the HR department also has to manage the labor and have good terms with them as well. (Leat, 2001).

Peace Psychology

As much as America has developed over the past hundred years, violence has grown to be a very critical part of today’s society; domestic violence, workplace violence, school violence, gang violence and etc. The rate of violence is enormous and as sad as it is to say, it starts with the young children in our society. Children are growing to be a very significant part of the high violence rates today. People may wonder where children learn violence at such an early age, although many of it is learned in your own house, or at school, the biggest source of violent information is learned from the media.Children’s television such as cartoons who portray violence to be a positive act of entertainment, or video games in which the main objective is to steal, kill and hurt others in order to advance through the game and even movies which pan out a long sequence of various acts of crime and violence. Violence is ultimately everywhere, and it is hard to avoid, especially as a child in today’s growing age, as hard as it is to avoid as a child, it is even harder to not imitate what is seen in the house, or on TV or in particular video games. Albert Bandura is famous psychologist who is most know for his social learning theory.Bandura believed that all behavior was learned through imitation rather than genetic factors. He believed that social influence such as what is seen on TV, movies and videos games is primarily responsible for children’s growth and behavior. Albert Bandura’s (1961) famous Bobo Doll experiment is a prime example of how children will indeed imitate what they see done by an elder person such as a role model. Selected kids who were chosen as participants for this study sat behind a window and watched as their parents walked into a room and intentionally punched and kicked a bobo doll and harshly beat it.Then as the kids proceeded into the room with the bobo doll, they imitated their parents every move by kicking, punching a nd beating the bobo doll just like their parents just did minutes prior. Although this experiment has been debated for various reasons in the past, it is still a very powerful and informative experiment that goes to show how vital it is for kids to be exposed to the proper material in order to keep them from disruptive behavior.Frequent exposure to violent television shows and video games can really affect a child’s upbringing, it begins to desensitize children as well as affect their moral development as they begin to believe that violence and crime are part of the norm, and these immoral acts won’t deviate them from society. According to Funk, Buchman, Jenks and Bechtoldt (2003), â€Å"The possibility that exposure to violent video games will result in desensitization and subsequent impairment of the processes involved in the moral evaluation of aggression and violence has not yet been studied.However, violent video games condone, promote, and justify the use of vio lence while concealing realistic consequences. When playing a violent video game, the player first observes repeated demonstrations of violent actions. To succeed, the player must then identify and select the violent strategies built in by the game designers. Choosing not to apply the authorized violent tactics results in defeat or obliteration. Players who prudently choose violent strategies experience cycles of practice coupled with positive reinforcement for their astute decisions.In violent video games, violence is acceptable because it is not real; therefore, ‘‘victims’’ do not really suffer â€Å"(2003, P. 416). Although their hasn’t been sufficient studies done on the direct desensitization of video games and TV on children, it still has a profound impact on children as they are positively reinforced consistently for the violent acts in video games and as an affect of doing so, it begins to take a toll on their moral development seeing in whi ch they are being rewarded for their immoral acts. Desensitization to violence involves changes in both emotional and cognitive responsivity. Changes in emotional responsivity are seen in the blunting or absence of emotional reactions to violent events, which would commonly elicit a strong response. Cognitive changes are demonstrated when the customary view that violence is uncommon and unlikely is transformed to the belief that violence is mundane and inevitable.Empathy and attitudes towards violence are components of the process of moral evaluation that may reflect both emotional and cognitive desensitization, with empathy decreasing and proviolence attitudes being strengthened† (Funk, Buchman, Jenks and Bechtoldt, 2003, P. 416-417). As kids become desensitized to violence, their emotional and cognitive responses become altered. In a violent situation where a child would normally be threatened by what’s going on, when a child’s emotional esponsivity is altered, they will react differently to a violent situation and won’t be as threatened or feared by what’s going on. When an innocent bystander has a gun pulled on them, it will elicit a strong response of fear and terror, a child who has become desensitized to violence and has been emotionally altered, they won’t be as prone to eliciting that same response but would rather be much more calm and collective in the same situation. A child who has become cognitively altered will expect violence and when it occurs, won’t be as threatened by it.In the same situation when a innocent bystander has a gun pulled on them, they will be shocked and terrified because they would have never expected for such a act of violence and crime to occur, but in the same situation with a cognitively altered child who has become cognitively desensitized, they won’t be as shocked by it because they expected it and believed it would happen and that it is common. Becoming desensitized at an early age can have a very negative effect on children as they begin to age, they will see crime and violence as an acceptable cause rather than an immoral act of indecency.Video games have become a very powerful representation of crime and violence to young children all over the world. The acceptance of these immoral acts in these video games have altered the representations of these acts in many children’s minds, before where they may have been seen as negative, may now be seen as positive. According to Funk, Buchman, Jenks and Bechtoldt (2003), â€Å"Exposure to violence in video games may influence the development of proviolence attitudes because, in such games, violence is not only justified and rewarded, it is presented as fun.In contemporary violent video games violence is at the same time both realistic and unreal, negating the suffering of victims. Playing violent video games encourages fantasizing about aggression and cognitive rehearsal of aggressive acts; t his may not only strengthen proviolence attitudes but also, through cognitive priming, increase the accessibility of aggressive behaviors in real life (Eron, 2001)† (2003, P. 418).If children begin to believe that violence and criminal activities are fun and exciting and worthwhile, they will me much more prone to doing these acts and feeling more comfortable while performing and or being around these immoral acts. Many people don’t understand how powerful the media just is, parents put their children in front of the TV screen and believe that as long as they are preoccupied they will be ok, but they regret to realize how much of an impact television and especially the media can have on children, ‘‘Media is the most ubiquitous source of violence encountered by the majority of children’’ (Groves 1997, p. 72). Media violence is everywhere for children to view, in books, video games, magazines, newspapers, school, television, from friends and even from family, violence is ultimately everywhere, and children are exposed to it today then they have ever been before. According to Erwin and Morton, â€Å"Young children and their families don’t have to leave their homes to witness violence; it is brought directly into their homes on a daily basis.Before young children even enter kindergarten they are exposed to over 4,000 h of television viewing (American Psychological Association 2005) and by the time they leave elementary school children will have witnessed 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence on just television alone (Levin 1998). Nearly 1,000 children’s television programs were analyzed in Britain and results revealed that 39% contained violence including 4,000 violent acts involving shootings and other forms of physical assault (Gunter and Harrison 1997).In a study examining violence in over 2,700 television programs across 23 channels of broadcast networks, public broadcasting, and cable, Wilson et al. ( 2002) found that nearly 7 out of 10 children’s shows contain some type of physical aggression and that, within a typical 1 h children’s program, a child is likely to witness one violent act every 4 min. In comparisons between children’s and other types of television programming, the study authors concluded that ‘‘violence is more prevalent and concentrated in programs specifically targeted to viewers under age 13’’ (p. 7). The amount of violence in shows specifically aimed at young children is inexcusable. Incredibly, the average American child spends approximately 1,023 h per year watching television which is greater than the 900 h children spend in school each year (National Center for Children Exposed to Violence 2003)† (2008, P. 105). These numbers are enormous considering the time children spend watching TV is greater than the amount of time children spend in the classroom.Although the classroom is meant for learning, the med ia has become a very powerful source of information itself and has become a strong means of learning for many children today. According to reports by the Surgeon General’s Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, which was created in 1969, as well as the National Institute of Mental Health, the three primary effects of media violence on children are (a) reduced sensitivity to the pain and anguish of others, (b) increased fearfulness, and (c) greater aggressive or violent behavior toward others (American Psychological Association 2005).In addition, The American Psychological Association (2005) maintained that existing research suggests that exposure to violence in the media leads to increased acceptance of aggressive attitudes and behavior in children† (Erwin and Morton, 2008, P. 107). The three primary effects by the media are all critical components in violent criminals that exist today, reduced sensitivity to the pain and anguish of others help s criminals do immoral acts without feeling any sympathy for the people they are doing it to.Increased fearfulness makes them more aggressive people who feel confident corrupting the lives of others, and finally greater aggressive or violent behavior which is the vital component of being a violent criminal. â€Å"Research suggested that television violence does increase children’s real-life aggressive behavior, beliefs, and attitudes (Boyatzis and Matillo 1995; Gentile et al. 2003; Paik and Comstock 1994; Wood et al. 1991). In a 15-year longitudinal study, Huesmann et al. (2003) found that exposure to media violence in childhood is not only associated with aggressive behavior, but is also a predictor of violent behavior.There is also a greater tolerance for aggression in others when children are exposed to television violence (Molitor and Hirsch 1994). In addition to researchers, early childhood advocates argue that witnessing media violence can have a negative impact on chi ldren’s perceptions of reality. Children under the age of eight are not prepared for or developmentally capable of discriminating reality from fantasy or understanding the subtleties in communication, action or motivation (NAEYC 1994).Because children are still developing emotionally and cognitively they are likely to imitate what they see on television without distinguishing reality from fantasy thus becoming more indifferent and less empathetic about aggression in the real world (Groves 1997; Kirsh 2005). Re-enacting in play what is seen in the real world is how children begin to make sense of the world around them. Imaginative play, which is a necessary and vital part of early childhood learning, is negatively impacted as the result of frequent exposure to violence in the media (NAEYC 1994). Media violence also demonstrates to young children that aggression is an cceptable and viable option for solving problems, abuses of power are necessary in interpersonal relationships, and a distorted appeal of war (Carlsson-Paige and Levin 1988)† (Erwin and Morton, 2008, P. 107). This current research goes to prove how critical and important it is for parents to realize the impact the media can have on their children. The more children are exposed to the crime and violence that occurs in the media, the more aggressive and violent they become, it has a significant effect on their moral development as well as their tolerance for violence crime.It also explains how children imitate what they see on TV and as they begin to believe that violence and crime are socially accepted by the media, they will me more prone to committing acts of violence and or crime. Ultimately the media has a very influential impact on young children, and if parents do not become more aware of this, our youth will continue to grow into to a violent and criminally fulfilled society. References American Psychology Association. (2005). Violence in the media:Psychologists help protect chil dren from harmful effects. Retrieved April 4, 2005, from APA Online: ttp://ww. psychologymatters. org/mediaviolence. html. Bandura, A. , Ross, D. , & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582. Boyatzis, C. J. , & Matillo, G. M. (1995). Effects of ‘the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers’ on children’s aggression with peers. Child Study Journal, 25(1), 45–57. Carlsson-Paige, N. , & Levin, D. (1988). Young children and war play. Educational Leadership, 45(4), 80–84. Eron, L. D. (2001). Seeing is believing: How viewing violence alters attitudes and aggressive behavior.In A. C. Bohart, & D. J. Stipek (Eds. ), Constructive and destructive behavior: Implications for family, school and society ( pp. 49–60). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Erwin, E. J. , &Morton, N. (2008). Exposure to media violence and young children with and without dis abilities: Powerful opportunities for family-professional partnerships. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36, 105-112. Funk, J. B. , Buchman, D. D. , Jenks, J. , Bechtoldt, H. (2003). Playing violent video games, desensitization, and moral evaluation in children. Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 13-436. Gentile, D. A, Linder, J. R. , & Walsh, D. A. (2003, April). Looking through time: A longitudinal study of children’s media violence consumption at home and aggressive behaviors at school. Paper presented at the Biennial Conference of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, FL. Groves, B. (1997). Growing up in a violent world: The impact of family and community violence on young children and their families. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 17(1), 74–102. Retrieved February 8, 2005 from the Academic Search Premier. Gunter, B. , & Harrison, J. (1997).Violence in children’s programmes on British television. Child Society, 11, 143†“156. doi:10. 1111/j. 1099-0860. 1997. tb00022. x. Huesmann, L. R. , Moise-Titus, J. , Podolski, C. , & Eron, L. D. (2003). Longitudinal relations between children’s exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977–1992. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 201–221. Kirsh, S. J. (2005). Cartoon violence and aggression in youth. Aggressive and Violent Behavior, 11(6), 547–557. doi:10. 1016/ j. avb. 2005. 10. 002. Levin, D. (1998). Remote control childhood: Combating the hazards of media culture.Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. Molitor, F. , & Hirsch, K. W. (1994). Children’s toleration of real-life aggression after exposure to media violence: A replication of the Drabman and Thomas studies. Child Study Journal, 24(3), 191–208. National Association for the Education of Young Children. (1994). NAEYC position statement on media violence in children’s lives. W ashington, DC: Author. National Center for Children Exposed to Violence. (2003). Statistics: Violence in the media. Retrieved May 7, 2004, from: http://ww. nccev. org/violence/statistics-media. html. Paik, H. & Comstock, G. A. (1994). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 21, 516–546. doi:10. 1177/009365094021004004. Wilson, B. J. , Smith, S. L. , Potter, W. J. , Kunkel, D. , Linz, D. , Colvin, C. M. , et al. (2002). Violence in children’s programming: Assessing the risks. The Journal of Communication, 52(1), 5–35. doi:10. 1111/j. 1460-2466. 2002. tb02531. x. Wood, W. , Wong, F. Y. , & Chachere, G. (1991). Effects of media violence on viewers’ aggression in unconstrained social interaction. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 371–383. doi:10. 1037/0033-2909. 109. 3. 371.

Pharmacogenomics Of Sickle Cell Disease - 1444 Words

Pharmacogenomics of Sickle Cell Disease Abstract Hydroxyurea is a treatment therapy that is currently used to treat sickle cell disease. There are a total of 23 single nuclear polymorphisms (SNPs) that are involved with sickle cell disease. When hydroxyurea is given at an optimal maximum dose, it will act on the BCL11A gene and increase the fetal hemoglobin concentrations. There are a total of 5 SNPs that are associated with the BCL11A gene. Some parameters that were observed are differences in pharmacodynamic effects (PD), percent fetal hemoglobin (%HbF) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Hydroxyurea positively affected all of these parameters. It also helped tolerate the symptomatic effects of sickle cell disease. Patient reported outcomes allow practitioners to optimize dosage of hydroxyurea in conjunction with other medications. Thus far, hydroxyurea treatment has been effective in treating sickle cell disease. Introduction Sickle cell disease is a chronic condition that a person can inherit from their parents in which it effects the globular structure of the patients red blood cells. A more sickle shaped structure, which can alter a person’s blood flow, replaces the more common globular structure. This impairment in blood flow can lead to blood clots, severe debilitating pain and damage to vital organs such as the liver, kidney and spleen. This disease currently affects over 90,000 people in the United States, with the majority of them being African American andShow MoreRelatedRecent Uses of DNA Technology Essays1020 Words   |  5 Pagesthat could be compared to the 1849 California gold rush, scientists began to try to find other uses for DNA. Since then, DNA has been used for many things such as finding criminals and confirming paternity/maternity. Also DNA has been used to track diseases and problems that start at the molecular level. Three of the newer advances in DNA technology are DNA F ingerprinting, Recombinant DNA (rDNA) and Paternity/Maternity Tests. DNA Fingerprinting, also known as DNA Profiling, is a method used to identifyRead MoreLifelong Health Benefits of Mandatory Genetic Screenings1497 Words   |  6 Pagesidentifying genetic disorders through the study of an individual’s DNA. They can be used to determine predisposition for various disorders such as Alzheimer’s, breast cancer, and sickle cell anemia. Genetic screenings inform individuals about their state of health and can help them make efficient choices in regard to disease treatments and prevention; however they have not gone without controversy. Many feel that such screenings can cause stigma and discrimination against individuals who have unfavorableRead MoreEssay about The Dangers of Race Based Medicine4235 Words   |  17 Pagesfor poor and underserved populations (Braun 162). NitroMed’s study marks a growing movement that has begun to cite genetic makeup, specifically race-related genetic makeup, rather than environmental or other confounding factors as the source of disease. This shift in presumed cause of health-related problems raises many troubling implications. With race-based therapeutics comes the assumption that there are biological differences between races. The dangers of such implications are vast, the mostRead MoreSocial Work Assessment At Baseline6383 Words   |  26 Pagesnegative opioid screens than non-IDU morphine/heroin users was observed. No correlation with any of the addiction severity and disability measures at baseline was found in this study. Hence, the general perception that IDU patients possess higher disease severity than non-IDU patients and would realise higher benefit from treatment could not be concluded from this study. The prevalence of co-occurring mental health disorders at baseline (51% depression, 54% BPD) is comparable to the prevalence